Precautions for Using PAC and PAM: Golden Operating Rules for Water Treatment Chemicals

 In the water treatment process, polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and polyacrylamide (PAM) — known as the "golden duo" — can significantly enhance flocculation and sedimentation. However, improper operation can lead to chemical waste or even treatment failure. Here are the core precautions that must be followed:

PAC (Polyaluminum Chloride) Usage Points:

  • Dissolution control: Use tap water or clean water for dissolution (avoid highly turbid water), with a recommended concentration of 5–20%.

  • Dosing sequence: Always add PAC first to complete charge neutralization, followed by PAM with an interval of ≥60 seconds.

  • Water temperature effect: When temperatures drop below 5°C, the reaction rate decreases sharply, requiring a 10–20% increase in dosage.

  • Optimal pH range: 6.5–8.5; if outside this range, adjust using acids or alkalis.

PAM (Polyacrylamide) Operating Prohibitions:

  • Dissolution duration: Anionic types require stirring for ≥40 minutes, cationic types for ≥60 minutes.

  • Mechanical damage: Avoid using centrifugal pumps; gear pumps or diaphragm pumps are best.

  • Concentration control: Recommended working solution concentration is 0.1–0.3%; exceeding 0.5% can easily lead to swelling and clumping.

  • Storage requirements: Store away from light and moisture; liquid products have a shelf life of only 1 month (solid products: 6 months).

Critical Mistake: Do NOT mix PAC and PAM together! The two must be prepared separately and added separately: The high chloride ion content in PAC solution will undergo a "salting-out effect" with PAM; direct mixing will produce gelatinous precipitates that clog dosing pipelines. In one actual case, flocculation efficiency dropped by 70% after mixed dosing.

Key Insight: PAC acts as a "binder," while PAM is a "net catcher"—they work together but must never come into direct contact. Refined operation can reduce sludge moisture content by 8% and cut chemical costs by over 35%.

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